返回书架摄影成像科学
全部章节25 / 26

资料源

正文全部采用本书自己的推导和表述。标准、白皮书和厂商技术页用于固定术语、公式 版本和具体实现；产品宣传不作为一般物理规律的证据。

成像物理与传感器

  • Basler, Line Source — Flash Window, “Rolling Shutter Cameras”, checked 22 October 2026. The common window runs from the last row's exposure start to the first row's exposure end. Chapter 6 derives this interval intersection and the exposure from a finite rectangular flash; its fixed-mean PWM calculation is a separate teaching model.

  • Nikon, High Speed Sync, “How It Works”; Canon, Speedlite EL-5 (Ver.2) — High-Speed Sync, document D461-021, “Caution”, checked 22 October 2026. Nikon describes the pulse train during shutter travel; Canon states that the guide number decreases at faster shutter speeds. Chapter 6 uses ideal pulses to explain timing, while leaving device waveforms, output and trigger tolerances to the product documentation.

  • John Tsitsiklis and Patrick Jaillet, MIT Introduction to Probability, Spring 2018, Lecture 22: The Poisson Process and Lecture 23: More on the Poisson Process, topics “Distribution of interarrival times” and “Merging and splitting”. Chapter 2 derives thinning and conditional variance in the text; the simulation samples independent exponential waiting times and Bernoulli marks rather than Gaussian counts.

  • Stuart Kleinfelder, SukHwan Lim, Xinqiao Liu and Abbas El Gamal, A 10k FPS 0.18 µm CMOS Digital Pixel Sensor with Pixel-Level Memory, ISSCC 2001 slides, slide 7, “Single Slope ADC Operation”. The source fixes the ramp, comparator and latch mechanism. It describes pixel-level ADCs with Gray counters; Chapter 3's shared-column drawing and binary counter are an ideal teaching model, not a reproduction of that architecture or its measured performance.

  • James R. Janesick, Photon Transfer, SPIE Press, 2007.

  • James R. Janesick, Scientific Charge-Coupled Devices, SPIE Press, 2001.

  • Gerald C. Holst and Terrence S. Lomheim, CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera Systems, 2nd ed., JCD Publishing/SPIE Press, 2011.

  • Eric R. Fossum, “CMOS Image Sensors: Electronic Camera-on-a-Chip,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 44(10), 1997, pp. 1689--1698.

  • Eric R. Fossum and Donald B. Hondongwa, “A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors”, IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society 2(3), 2014, pp. 33--43, DOI 10.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412. Background for the functional 4T/PPD sequence; the interactive readout model is an idealized calculation, not a circuit simulation.

  • Albert J. P. Theuwissen, Solid-State Imaging with Charge-Coupled Devices, Kluwer, 1995.

  • European Machine Vision Association, EMVA Standard 1288, Release 4.0 Linear, 16 June 2021, §§2.1, 2.4--2.5 and 3.1, especially the photon transfer relation, Eq. (15), and dark-current variance, Eq. (30). The official PDF was read on 17 October 2026. Chapter 4 uses this linear model. The separate Release 4.0 General addresses broader camera responses; it must not be cited as if it were the same derivation. The paired-flat-field interactive also uses §2.5, Eqs. (16)--(18), for mean subtraction and half the difference variance. It uses the N−1 sample denominator for its small ROI and declares its own simulation and fit-selection conditions. The repeated-PTC lesson uses the same recorded moments across 24 independently resampled acquisitions conditional on one fixed ROI response map. Its parameter sample SD, observed-only refitting and known-truth comparisons are book-local calculations, not confidence intervals or a standard conformity evaluation. The correlation/calibration tab is a separate Gaussian random-effects teaching model. Its per-frame row/column noise, two-way variance estimates and shared-dark covariance are derived in Chapter 4; they are not presented as the standard's fixed spatial-nonuniformity measurement or a conformity implementation.

  • Hamamatsu Photonics, Photon Number Resolving Camera Technology, sections on BSI, DTI, QE, noise and MTF.

  • Sony Semiconductor Solutions, Pregius/Pregius S Global Shutter Technology.

  • Sony Corporation, Next-generation Back-Illuminated CMOS Image Sensor, 23 January 2012, “About stacked CMOS image sensors”; and Sony Semiconductor Solutions, Pregius S development interview, 2 February 2021, “Schematic cross section of chip”. Checked 18 October 2026. These fix the depicted light-entry side, front-side wiring and separate pixel/ logic chip relation in Chapter 6. The animated cross sections are functional teaching drawings, not process masks, measured optical paths or performance models.

  • Brian Guenter et al., “Highly curved image sensors: a practical approach for improved optical performance”, Optics Express 25(12), 2017, pp. 13010--13023.

曝光、ISO 与计算成像

Log、RAW 与色彩编码

  • Bryce E. Bayer, “Color imaging array”, US3971065A, published 20 July 1976, preferred interleaved green/red/blue layout. Chapter 7 derives its RGGB sampling cosets, reciprocal-lattice frequency cells and phase corrections directly; the neutral-sinusoid and bilinear examples do not reproduce a proprietary demosaicing pipeline. The multi-frequency extension superposes three declared sinusoidal components, derives Gaussian/box responses, and constructs channel-specific effective-image aliases after filtering. Equality is checked on every actual CFA sample, while interpolation error is evaluated separately on a common interior region.

  • ARRI, ARRI LogC4 Logarithmic Color Space Specification, 23 January 2025 revision, §3.1 hardware EI gain and §4.1 EI-independent decoding curve.

  • ARRI, Dynamic Range White Paper, 28 September 2022, Table 4 and the Log C encoding section; includes the ALEXA 35 high-EI encoding limit described in that implementation.

  • Sony, Help Guide for Creators: Base ISO and Gamut.

  • Adobe, Digital Negative (DNG) Specification 1.7.1.0, September 2023; official download page. The official PDF was read on 17 October 2026: ColorMatrix1/2, p. 33; ForwardMatrix1/2, pp. 52--53; raw linearization and normalization, Chapter 5, p. 99; colour processing, Chapter 6, pp. 100 onward. ColorMatrix maps XYZ to reference camera coordinates; ForwardMatrix maps white-balanced camera colours to D50 XYZ. Rechecked 18 October 2026 for the generated 32×32 teaching DNG: Chapters 3–5 (uncompressed TIFF storage, CFA, version, black/white and normalization tags). Its virtual identity ColorMatrix is not a measured camera profile. LibRaw also independently decodes every stored sample; no SDK code or external image is redistributed.

  • Yuteng Zhu and Graham D. Finlayson, “Designing a Color Filter via Optimization of Vora-Value for Making a Camera more Colorimetric”, 2020 preprint, introduction and §2, for the Luther condition and spectral sensitivity subspaces. Chapter 7 gives its own integral-form matrix criterion and proof. Its four-band metamerism example declares ideal box responses rather than borrowing measured sensitivities or CIE functions. Null-space construction, changed illuminant and response comparisons, and quadrature checks belong to this teaching model.

  • ITU-R, Recommendation BT.2100-3, February 2025, Tables 4–5 and Annex 1: PQ display-light units, HLG relative scene encoding, and the roles of OETF, EOTF and OOTF. Chapter 9 distinguishes these signal paths without specifying a complete HDR mastering workflow.

  • Apple, Apple ProRes RAW White Paper.

  • Charles Poynton, Digital Video and HD: Algorithms and Interfaces, 2nd ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2012.

  • R. W. G. Hunt and M. R. Pointer, Measuring Colour, 4th ed., Wiley, 2011.

  • Nikon, Moiré & False Colour, p. 3, Functions of Nikon D800/D800E optical low-pass filter. Two directional splitting stages and a wave plate illustrate four-image separation; the D800E diagram illustrates cancellation of the separation. Chapter 12 derives an ideal equal-weight incoherent translation kernel, not that camera's measured separation distances or polarization prescription.

  • NDK, Optical Component — Product Lineup, optical low-pass filter and quartz crystal wave plate entries. Birefringent separation into ordinary and extraordinary rays is the material mechanism; the book's numerical spacing and equal branch weights are declared teaching inputs.

Fourier 分析的数学工具

  • MIT, 18.103 Fourier Integrals on L²(R) and L¹(R), Fall 2013, pp. 1–2, Corollaries 1–2 and Proposition 1: Plancherel extension and agreement with the integral transform on L¹∩L². The notes use angular frequency; Appendix A uses cycles per unit length, removing the 2π norm factor by a change of variable. Applying the one-dimensional result in both coordinates gives the two-dimensional identity used here; its inner-product form follows by polarization. The theorem is an external input. Chapter 12 derives pupil autocorrelation from it and the translation identity, with its own physical scaling and sign convention.

重复实验与统计

  • NIST/SEMATECH, e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, §3.2.3.3 Two-Way Nested ANOVA, model and nested sum-of-squares table; and §7.4.4 What are variance components?, random effects, expected mean squares and negative method-of-moments estimates. Read 18 October 2026. Chapter 17 states its balanced independent Gaussian model, derives its mean-variance budget and three moment estimates, and compares fresh complete synthetic studies with the known inputs. Raw negative estimates are displayed as estimates, not physical negative variances; no REML or confidence intervals are implemented. Focus selection uses the book's declared Gaussian response and a separate validation measurement, not measured lens data.

几何光学、Fourier 光学与镜头

  • Edmund Optics, An In-Depth Look at Spherical Aberration Compensation Plates, discussion surrounding Eq. (4), checked 22 October 2026. This supports the presence of plate-induced spherical aberration in a converging beam. Chapter 13 derives its focus shift from exact two-interface Snell geometry and compares it with an independent direction-vector construction.

  • Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson, Nikon MicroscopyU, Coverslip Correction, checked 22 October 2026. The dependence on glass thickness, refractive index and objective design provides a documented example of lens/medium matching. Chapters 13 and 18 use that principle without transferring microscope thickness or numerical-aperture limits to photographic lenses.

  • Delft University of Technology, Advanced Optical Imaging, Chapter 7: Coherent optical imaging, §§7.1–7.2, and Chapter 8: Wavefield aberrations, §§8.1.1 and 8.3, checked 18 October 2026. Scalar propagation, pupil phase and Zernike background for the Chapter 13 aperture comparison. The book derives its own fixed-scale detector-displacement sign from propagation to f+Δz, rather than identifying it with the lecture's compensating-lens phase. Equal-area polygon boundaries, finite FFT normalization and independent polar quadrature are local calculations; no continuous PSF is claimed exact from Parseval alone.

  • Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob and Greg Humphreys, Physically Based Rendering, 4th ed., §9.3: Specular Reflection and Transmission, checked 18 October 2026. Reflection, Snell and dielectric Fresnel relations for Chapter 15. The two-singlet prescription, selected double-reflection paths, cap intersections, aperture tests and global-slope paraxial comparisons are this book's own teaching construction. It is a discrete meridional power model, not a complete flare renderer or an irradiance estimate over a two-dimensional pupil.

  • Max Born and Emil Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th expanded ed., Cambridge University Press, 1999.

  • Joseph W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, 4th ed., W. H. Freeman, 2017.

  • MIT, 2.71/2.710 Optics, Lecture 25 review notes, Nick Fang, 12 May 2014, §§C–E (pp. 5–8): negative-sign Fourier convention, Fraunhofer propagation, coherent amplitude and incoherent intensity transfer. Chapters 12–13 use this scalar framework; the disk normalization, four explicitly defined wavefront modes, defocus sinc-squared reference and finite-grid checks are worked out for this book. The staged display is a calculation sequence, not propagation time or a prescription-based lens simulation. The two-dimensional image extension fixes a 32-cell pupil, 4-fold padding and 1.1 μm image grid, and declares its renormalized finite 33×33 PSF. Zero-padded linear convolution is compared with direct spatial sums. Pixel averages refer to the declared piecewise-constant fine grid, not exact continuous propagation; PSF truncation and the final image crop are reported separately.

  • Warren J. Smith, Modern Optical Engineering, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2008.

  • Rudolf Kingslake and R. Barry Johnson, Lens Design Fundamentals, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 2010.

  • MIT, 6.161 Geometric Optics notes, §§2.2--2.2.2: cascaded ray-transfer matrices, the B = 0 imaging condition and two-lens systems. Chapters 11 and 16 use height followed by reduced angle; the interactive independently traces thin-group angle kicks and translations in air.

  • Zichao Fan et al., Paraxial design of four-component zoom lens system with fixed distance between focal points by matrix optics, revised 2022. Background for constraining zoom trajectories by matrix elements; Chapter 16 derives a separate three-thin-group example and does not reproduce this paper's four-component design or aberration optimization.

  • Nikon, Image Stabilization: Technology Overview, for lens-shift and sensor-shift mechanisms and coordination. The interactive derives its own affine thin-group and delayed-sinusoid model; it uses no manufacturer controller parameters or claimed stabilization-stop figures.

  • Ansys, OpticStudio User Guide: Back Focal Length, for the last optical surface reference used for back focal length in Chapter 11.

  • Edmund Optics, Telecentric Design Topics, for entrance and exit pupils as images of the aperture stop in Chapter 11, and the distinction between object-space, image-space and double telecentricity in Chapter 16. The two-lens interactive derives its own pupil conjugates and separates chief-ray scale from defocus; it uses no product accuracy claims.

  • Virendra N. Mahajan, Optical Imaging and Aberrations, SPIE Press.

  • Virendra N. Mahajan, “Strehl ratio for primary aberrations: some analytical results for circular and annular pupils”, JOSA 72, 1258–1266 (1982), abstract and Table 1: small-aberration approximation and its reference-point/balancing conventions. Chapter 13 derives the on-axis second-order expansion and does not infer an exact peak search from RMS alone.

  • Virendra N. Mahajan, “Line of sight of an aberrated optical system”, JOSA A 2, 833–846 (1985), abstract and Table 1: peak, centroid and reference-origin irradiance are distinct for coma. Chapter 13 explicitly separates a fixed-plane peak-ratio convention from its fixed-origin readout S₀. Article tables/abstracts were checked; no claim is made to have accessed the paywalled full texts.

  • Ansys, OpticStudio 2025 R2 User Guide: Seidel Coefficients, for the distinction and conversion between third-order ray and fourth-order wavefront aberration coefficients used in Chapter 13.

  • Nikon, NIKKOR Lens Glossary: Multi-focusing system, and Kouichi Ohshita, NIKKOR Thousand and One Nights No. 84, especially the close-range-correction discussion. Background for multiple independently moving groups and close-range aberration correction. Chapter 16 derives a separate paraxial focus/angular-scale example; it does not reproduce the optical prescription or the reported lens rendering.

  • Edmund Optics, Depth of Field and Depth of Focus. Background for geometric ray-cone acceptance versus resolution and diffraction. Chapter 16 derives its own thin-lens near/far/hyperfocal formulas and checks them using independent edge-ray roots; no product depth specification is used.

  • H. Angus Macleod, Thin-Film Optical Filters, 4th ed., CRC Press, 2010.

  • Steven J. Byrnes, Multilayer optical calculations, arXiv:1603.02720v5, 2020-12-30, §§2--4 and Appendix A: Snell angles, s/p Fresnel fields, coherent layers, Poynting normalization and the sign of reflected p amplitudes. Chapter 15 compares characteristic matrices for tangential E with a separate full-vector Fresnel recursion, at normal and oblique incidence. The book uses real constant indices, propagating waves and a semi-infinite substrate; TIR, absorption and evanescent layers are excluded. Its +i matrix follows exp(+iωt), conjugating the phase convention in the paper; p amplitudes are converted to the same tangential-field basis before comparison.

  • I. A. Erteza, Diffraction efficiency analysis for multi-level diffractive optical elements, Sandia report, November 1995, §2.1.2, p. 4: diffraction-order efficiencies from Fourier coefficients of a stepped phase grating. Chapter 15 derives its own constant-index, scalar local-grating model and compares exact interval integrals with midpoint quadrature; it does not model a manufactured radial PF lens.

  • SCHOTT, optical glass data sheets for N-BK7 and N-F2, especially the Sellmeier constants, reference-line indices and relative partial dispersion. Chapter 14 stores the numerical coefficients locally, uses wavelengths in µm in the formula, and limits the demonstration to 435.83--700 nm. The catalog values are material inputs; the chosen lens powers do not reproduce a manufactured lens.

  • Carl Zeiss Camera Lens Division, How to Read MTF Curves.

  • ISO, ISO 12233:2024, Digital cameras -- Resolution and spatial frequency responses, edition 5.

  • Peter D. Burns, “Slanted-Edge MTF for Digital Camera and Scanner Analysis”, IS&T PICS 2000, pp. 135--138, especially the discrete derivative and noise-bias sections. Used for the error analysis in Chapter 17, not as a substitute for the complete 2024 ISO test requirements. The edge-fitting interactive follows the derivative-centroid and linear-fit outline on pp. 135--136, with locally declared smoothing, support and rejection thresholds.

  • Nikon, Aberration Correction and Resin for Phase Fresnel Lenses.

  • Nikon Research Report Vol. 4 (2022), chromatic-aberration correction with glass maps and partial dispersion.

  • Canon, Interchangeable Lens Technologies and Fluorite Lenses.

  • 日本 Zeon, Cyclo Olefin Polymer optical resin resources.

标准边界

ISO 12232:2019/Amd 1:2020、ISO 12233:2024、CIE 色度学标准和若干编码标准的完整 规范受版权或获取条件约束。本书只重述主线所需定义和可公开核验部分，不复制标准 文本。标准中的合格性测试、容差和设备认证不属于本书内部闭包。

互动演示的补充来源

  • Analog Devices, MT-010: The Importance of Data Converter Static Specifications, pp. 4–7, Figures 5–8: INL reference-line choices and DNL code widths. Chapter 3 declares its own monotone quadratic ramp, fixed-endpoint threshold reference and column offsets, then derives exact code-width and threshold errors. No measured ADC performance or missing-code behavior is inferred from that example.
  • ARRI, ALEXA 35 SUP 1.1 User Manual, §9.4, p. 39: EI, exposure normalization and middle-gray placement. Together with the January 2025 LogC4 specification §§3.1 and 4.1, this fixes the distinction between hardware gain and scene-linear decoding. Chapters 5/9 use a separate fixed-sensor, teaching-Log and hard-white Gamma chain; it is not an ARRI LUT or hardware reproduction.
  • Irvine C. Gardner, Validity of the Cosine-Fourth-Power Law of Illumination, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 39 (1947), pp. 213–219, RP1824, especially §§II, IV.1 and Table 1. Finite uniform-pupil illumination and the limits imposed by pupil distortion and angle definitions. Chapter 1 derives its own disk and boundary integrals; the numerical test also checks the table's correction 1.076 at 40° with sinα=0.25. The demonstration is not a real-lens vignetting prediction.
  • MIT 2.71/2.710, Lecture 6: Aperture stop, entrance and exit pupils, 2009-02-23, slides 3–6：光阑、两侧瞳像与主/边缘光线。第11章使用定义并自行推导两薄组共轭式、实际孔径约束和入口圆盘交集；互动光路由本书模型生成，未复制讲义图。
  • Ansys Optics, How to model colored and Tristimulus Sources, “Source modeling using measured spectra”：多谱线和权重的输入约定。第12章的探测信号权重、同一像面上的 PSF/OTF 合成和位移相位由书内式 (12.9a)–(12.9b) 推出；不复现商业软件的追迹算法。

镜头结构、附件与驱动的补充

以下技术页与说明书于2026年10月19日核对。它们固定结构名称、实际执行器类型或 具体产品的补偿条件；本书的薄组数值、裁切模型和质量预算由正文另行给定。

  • Nikon, Haruo Sato, The Thousand and One Nights No.81: GN Auto NIKKOR 45mm f/2.8, sections IV and VIII; No.37: W-Nikkor 3.5cm f/2.5, section II; and No.89. Used for triplet/Tessar, six-element four-group double Gauss, and Sonnar/Gauss construction distinctions in Chapter 16. The interactive uses locally specified equivalent powers and spacings, without copying a glass prescription or claiming those groups predict the source lenses' aberrations.

  • Nikon, The Thousand and One Nights No.1: NIKKOR-O 2.1cm f/4. Construction background for the near-symmetric wide-angle discussion.

  • Sony, Breathing Compensation and Catalyst Prepare: Lens breathing compensation. The documented implementations use cropping and lens correction metadata, with model/mode limitations. Chapter 16 derives a separate planar affine example, provides estimation errors as controls, and distinguishes inverse image mapping from integration blur. It is not an implementation of either product's estimator.

  • Nikon, Using Teleconverters; Macro Adapter Ring BR-2A/BR-5 instruction sheet, one page, English block. Used for multiplier/aperture conventions and reverse mounting. Chapter 18 derives its own negative thin-group converter and conjugate reversal; the parameters do not specify a manufactured accessory.

  • Edmund Optics, Schneider Macro Imaging Lenses and 14.6 mm imaging-lens specification, fields “Focusing Range (image plane ~ object)” and “W.D (object ~ G1 lens)”. Used to distinguish sensor-referenced focusing distance, front-referenced working distance and conjugate-dependent macro use. Actual working distance needs its stated mechanical reference; it does not follow from focal length alone.

  • Canon, RF Lens World: Technology, sections “Ring-type USM”, “Nano USM”, “STM”, “Voice Coil Motor (VCM)” and “DO Lenses”; RF Super-telephoto Zoom Lens, section “Achieving a faster, smoother AF drive”. Used for rotary versus linear ultrasonic output, leadscrew/geared STM and magnetic-force VCM, plus an example with independently driven focusing groups. No general brand ranking is inferred.

  • Texas Instruments, How to Improve Motion Smoothness and Accuracy of Stepper Motors, SLOA293A, September 2020, revised October 2021, §2.2.3, pp. 6–7. Used for microstep command resolution versus stopping accuracy and available incremental torque. The book's 0.5 mm lead, 200 steps, 16 subdivisions and 8 μm backlash are teaching inputs.

  • V. Bolborici, F. P. Dawson and M. C. Pugh, A finite volume method and experimental study of a stator of a piezoelectric traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor, Ultrasonics 54 (2014), pp. 809–820, DOI 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.10.005, §§1–2, especially p. 810 and Figures 1–3. Read 19 October 2026 for the piezoelectric/ elastic ring, quadrature drive and friction-contact mechanism. Chapter 18 specifies its own six-order traveling wave and small-slope surface kinematics; it does not reproduce the paper's USR60 geometry, measured resonance or finite-volume model. Rotor motion uses a declared peak-contact no-slip reference, without a contact-load solver.

第16章镜片剖面的数值来源

以下六例使用原表曲率、中心厚度、空气间隔和基准折射率。先从原表计算焦距， 再把全部长度等比例缩放至50 mm；原表的标称焦距与本书按已刊小数计算的焦距 分别保留。净口径及未给出精确位置的光阑由本书另行指定，表中逐项列明。

  • H. D. Taylor, US568052A, Lens, 22 September 1896, Series IIIᵇ / Fig. 10, printed pp. 8–9. Three-element example, not the cemented four-element Fig. 8. Original convex/concave surface signs are converted to the book's centre-to-the-right-positive convention. The six radii become +17, −94.5, −56, +15.9, +362.3, −77 at the nominal 100-unit scale.
  • P. Rudolph, US721240A, Photographic objective, 24 February 1903, sole numerical example, printed p. 2. Four elements in three air-separated groups; the rear cemented pair retains its distinct indices and common curved interface. The table's b₁ and b₂ fix the stop location.
  • J. G. Baker, US2532751A, Highly corrected objective having two inner divergent meniscus components between collective components, 5 December 1950, Example 2, printed p. 7. Six-element/four-group Gauss form; all lengths in the F=1 table are first multiplied by100. The book places its stop at the midpoint of the central air interval; no claim to reproduce the patent's complete full-field performance is made from this teaching aperture.
  • L. Bertele, US1998704A, Photographic objective, 23 April 1935, Example I, printed p. 1. Six elements arranged as 1+3+2, rather than a seven-element Sonnar. The original scan confirms nD=1.6890 in the fourth glass and nD=1.5647 in the fifth; the middle cemented triplet remains intact.
  • P. Angénieux, US2649022A, Wide-angle photographic objective lens assembly, 18 August 1953, Fig. 1 / Table I, printed p. 3. Six elements/five air-separated groups; the negative front meniscus and the remaining positive system are kept separate from the negative single element within that rear system.
  • W. Merté, Telephotographic objective, US2171274, 29 August 1939, Fig. 1, original patent reproduced in University of Arizona OPTI415 Homework1, PDF p. 4, with stop placement specified in question3 on PDF p. 1. Five elements, three air-separated groups; the negative rear system includes a positive final singlet. The scan gives nD=1.55226 for L1 and1.58910 for L3.

Tables and relevant drawings read 19 October 2026. The book computes monochromatic spherical-cap geometry, Snell paths and paraxial references from these inputs; historical patent performance claims, tolerances, spectral data and product identity are outside these calculations.

分瞳、离轴瞳与离散处理的补充资料

  • Canon，2013-07-02，Dual Pixel CMOS AF技术说明。用于双光电二极管、分瞳相位差与对比度扫描的机制说明；第18章条带瞳、相关搜索与位置控制参数由本书定义。
  • Pharr、Jakob、Humphreys，Physically Based Rendering, 3rd ed., §6.4，特别是§6.4.5。用于逐界面截光与离轴有效瞳的背景；本书两圆复瞳的衍射计算沿用Goodman框架。
  • VGG，Hartley–Zisserman配套多视几何原始代码，其中相机与平面导出单应矩阵用于核对平面映射；本书另给针孔投影、光线求交和遮挡判定。
  • Imatest，Sharpening。用于锐化、响应增益、过冲与噪声的测量背景；三点核公式、核DTFT和方差由本书直接计算。

连续孔径积分

  • Wuttke，2021，Numerically stable form factor of any polygon and polyhedron，§2。用于连续孔径Fourier积分的逐边化简及可去奇点处理；本书按自己的Fourier符号约定给出实现与推导。
  • NIST DLMF，§10.9，式10.9.2。用于一阶Bessel函数的角积分，作为圆孔弱环的稳定连续参考；另保留幂级数、小参数极限和弦长面积积分检验。
本章内容